This reconstruction of Glasgow is based on the models available here https://data.glasgow.gov.uk/pages/3d-urban-model under the Open Government License and provided by Glasgow City Council. The models were added to and aligned with a terrain. Water has been added to the model and raised by 10m and 5m for different experiences. The sea level rise is based on data from when the CO2 level in the atmosphere was the same as it is today, and the sea level was 10m higher than it is currently. This model was first shown at the Glasgow Science Centre, where the video and interactive start by showing the effect of sea level rising.
First built in the 1100s, it is one of the only major cathedrals which remained virtually intact after the Reformation. Climate Impact: Groundwater flooding, slope instability
The Glasgow Seed Library (GSL) is an open-access community-run seed library hosted by the Centre for Contemporary Arts (CCA) in Glasgow, UK. GSL catalogues and lends seeds for vegetable, herbs and flowers that can be cultivated in Scotland. GSL also runs free workshops, talks and events throughout the year, on topics such as seed conservation, seed growing, food sovereignty and climate change. They use social media channel to share information about their programme, current library provision, and create dedicated content to engage audiences further with issues surrounding food access and climate change. GSL have outlined a ten years goals which includes the creation a Scottish network of seed libraries. Digital interpretations from GSL address SDG4: Quality Education, target 4.7, as they provide “knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development.” They also address SDG13: Climate Action, target 13.3, which seeks to provide “education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change.”
Depiction of illustration by Richard Fawcett moving into 3D Virtual building by Sarah Kennedy
Global sea level rise – the latest evidence
Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Briefing Note
Fountain waterspout statues in Goa Gajah or Elephant Cave, a sacred bathing pool near Ubud, Bali, Indonesia
Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6 km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California—the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula—to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay hence many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. However, many experts said that the ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. Eventually, the proposal of construction of the bridge was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins. Eventually, the bridge was completed in May 27th, 1937 and has become of the biggest attractions and landmark of San Francisco.
This is the picture of the Golden Gate Bridge, taken at vista point in San Francisco.
This is the picture of Golden Gate Bridge, taken at vista point in San Francisco.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California—the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula—to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay hence many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. Although San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average. Back then, experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. As a result, the proposal of the construction of the bridge was not made until 1916. Today, the bridge is the biggest attraction and landmark in the city of San Francisco.
Golden Mountains of Altai is the name of an UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of the Altai and Katun Natural Reserves, Lake Teletskoye, Belukha Mountain, and the Ukok Plateau. Climate change has caused the melting of the permafrost endangering the preservation of these tombs. Over the past 100 years there has been a 1°C increase in temperature across Asia and a 2°C increase in temperature in the footsteps of the Altai, with the increase more pronounced in the winter and spring. From Unesco
The gondola is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon. It is typically propelled by a gondolier, who uses a rowing oar, which is not fastened to the hull, in a sculling manner and also acts as the rudder. The gondola has existed in Venice since the 11th century, being first mentioned by name in 1094.[11] It is estimated that there were eight to ten thousand gondolas during the 17th and 18th century, but there are only around four hundred in active service today, with virtually all of them used for hire by tourists. While in previous centuries gondolas could be many different colors, a sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now. To be fair to Venice's gondoliers, they invest a great deal in their boats: upwards of €20,000 for a traditional hand-built wooden gondola with a useful life of about 20 years, plus annual maintenance. They need to earn the bulk of their annual income in a few short months.
A 360 tour taken from Gorham's Cave's Viewing Platform. The platform was created to allow visitors to view the entrances of Gorham's Cave Complex from the mainland, and to provide information on the heritage site. Gorham's Cave Complex is a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to the evidence which it has provided on the cultural traditions of the Neanderthals, which occupied the site over 100,000 years. Accompanying photographs of points of interest can be seen through Google Drive due to RoundMe server issues.
Gorham’s Cave Complex is a UNESCO World Heritage site located slightly above sea level on the eastern side of the rock of Gibraltar. The complex is made up of four caves. The complex is one of the last known sites inhabited by the Neanderthals in Europe. When it was initially inhabited by the Neanderthals (55,00 years ago) the location of the complex was 5km above sea level, with the shift to the present day being caused by landscape evolution. The cave was rediscovered in 1907 by Captain A. Gorham, and since then numerous discoverers have been made within the complex which has helped to shed light on the paleolithic age, with the complex containing “archaeological and paleontological deposits that provide evidence of Neanderthal occupation over a span of more than 100,000 years” (UNESCO, 2022). Gorham’s cave is an example of tangible cultural heritage, with the complex supplying notable “evidence of the hunting of birds and marine animals for food, the use of feathers for ornamentation, and the presence of abstract rock engravings (UNESCO, 2022)”. More information on the individual discoveries from Gorham’s Cave can be found on Gibraltar’s Museum Virtual Museum: https://www.gibmuseum.gi/our-work/virtual-museum
Gowrie House is an intriguing piece of lost heritage. It was an old townhouse located in Perth, Scotland beside the River Tay and was constructed in the early 1520s. It was owned by the Ruthven family, an infamous yet noble family who held great power and wealth around the county. The most significant event to occur at the Gowrie House was a peculiar assaiantion attempt on King James VI of Scotland which took place on the 5th of August 1600. This event is known as the Gowrie Conspiracy and it involved the king being lured to Gowrie House by Alexander Ruthven who then tried to take the king's life, however both Alexander Ruthven and the 3rd Earl of Gowrie were subdued and murdered. The strange thing about this story is that it cannot be corroborated and most of the story was King James VI’s account. Many think the king had made the story up as there was a lot to gain from murdering the Ruthvens. Gowrie House was demolished in 1807 and the Sheriff court was built in its place. The only tangible thing left to acknowledge it is a plaque on the side of the courthouse.
Grand Canyon National Park is a natural heritage site located in the state of Arizona, USA. As renowned for its stunning natural scenery, Grand Canyon National Park is also a popular destination for tourists and nature enthusiasts from all around the world. The key feature of this park is the 446-kilometre-long Grand Canyon, which is a gorge formed by the Colorado River over millions of years, has immense geological and ecological value, with unique rock formations, diverse wildlife, and numerous plant species.
Culture,Immovable Culture Heritage,Tourism
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone National Park, established as the first national park in the world in 1872, remains a vital representation of natural preservation. The park’s boundaries span the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho and has become an emblem of environmental conservation.
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest and longest coral reef complex located off the northeast coast of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean, stretching for a total of about 2,600 kilometres, with a maximum width of 161 kilometres. There are about 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands of various sizes spread over an area of about 344,400 square kilometres. Built by billions of tiny coral polyps, the Great Barrier Reef is the largest living thing ever built and can be seen even from outer space. It was inscribed on the World Natural Heritage List in 1981 for its rich biodiversity. Climate change, pollution, crown-of-thorns starfish and fishing are the most damaging factors to the health of the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. Since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its reefs to these hazards, with two-thirds of this loss occurring since 1998.A March 2016 report showed that a third global bleaching event triggered by ocean warming could wipe out the entire north-central reef, accounting for more than 40% of the Great Barrier Reef.
The Great Barrier Reef, located off the northeast coast of Australia, is the world's largest coral reef system, comprising over 600 types of coral, 1,500 species of fish, and 4,000 species of mollusks. It hosts rich ecosystems and biodiversity, crucial for the stability of global ecosystems, and was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1981.It makes direct contributions to achieving the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as SDG 13 (Climate Action): By monitoring and showcasing the climate change challenges facing the Great Barrier Reef, it promotes global climate action. SDG 14 (Life Below Water): It supports efforts to conserve marine biodiversity.Digitization can utilize drone technology for aerial photography and remote sensing, providing high-resolution imagery data to help scientists gain a more comprehensive understanding of the geographic features and trends of the Great Barrier Reef. Additionally, employing sonar technology and underwater robotic detectors allows for precise monitoring and assessment of the growth status of coral reefs, fish habitats, and marine pollution deep underwater.
The Great Barrier Reef exists as the pinnacle example of underwater natural heritage. Located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, it spans over 2300km in area, containing a staggering and diverse array of marine wildlife and an abundance of coral reefs. Its legendary status and immense value make it a UNESCO World Heritage Site with substantial ecological significance. Beyond the value that it has in its ecological diversity, it also has significant cultural and economic importance, for the internal indigenous communities and tourism industry respectively. With reference to sustainable development goals (SDG), the Great Barrier Reef has significant connection to SDG14: Life Below Water, a goal which aims to utilise the natural resources of our oceans as well as conserving them over time. Using digital interpretations of the Great Barrier Reef can provide substantial assistance in achieving this target, as it can engage users worldwide by fostering an improved awareness and educating them about the fragility of the Reef, and vitally the action which can be taken to preserve it. This can be through immersive experiences, such as 3D or Virtual Reality tours, and resources for education.
The Great Barrier Reef stretching along Australia's eastern coast is the world's largest coral reef system. This natural heritage possesses immense ecological and cultural value. Its diverse marine life, coral formations, and historical significance as a traditional fishing ground for the Indigenous Australian population further strengthen its status as a World Heritage Site. Digital technology plays a crucial role in understanding, protecting, and sharing this irreplaceable heritage. Sensor networks and underwater cameras collect data on water quality, temperature, and coral health, providing crucial insights for conservation efforts. This contributes to SDG 14, aiming for sustainable life below water. Apps and online platforms empower volunteers to contribute valuable data by recording coral sightings and reporting threats. This fosters public engagement and contributes to SDG 17, promoting partnerships for sustainable development. High-resolution scans create detailed maps of the reef, aiding in restoration efforts and educating the public about the reef's intricate structure. This aligns with SDG 4, promoting quality education and scientific understanding.
The Great Barrier Reef is a site of remarkable variety and beauty on the north-east coast of Australia. It contains the world’s largest collection of coral reefs, with 400 types of coral, 1,500 species of fish and 4,000 types of mollusc. It also holds great scientific interest as the habitat of species such as the dugong (‘sea cow’) and the large green turtle, which are threatened with extinction
Boardwalk through a forest featured in The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority is the agency responsible for the management and protection of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia. It was established in 1975 under the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act, with the primary goal of ensuring the long-term conservation and sustainable use of the Great Barrier Reef.
The Great Laxey Mine Railway is a part of the Manx Electric Railway. The reconstructed railway runs along the surface segment of the tramway that originally carried lead and zinc ores from deep within the Great Laxey Mine near the settlement of Laxey on the Isle of Man's eastern coast.
Located on a plateau along the Ohio Brush Creek the Great Serpent Mound is an ancient effigy mound reaching 411 metres in length, resembling a giant snake. Archaeologists to this day still debate the origin of the mound, with some claiming that radiocarbon studies show it to be more than 2000 years old, dating back to the Adena culture in the 4th century BC. What is potentially most fascinating about the Serpent Mound is that the serpent’s open mouth perfectly aligns with the summer solstice sunset, while the tail points to the winter solstice sunrise. It is for this reason that the heritage is considered to have been of temporal significance in order to mark dates; however it may also have held spiritual significance as graves and burial sites were discovered near the mound.
The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous defensive structures in history, originally built in the 7th century BC. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Great Wall symbolizes China's military, political, and cultural evolution. Today, it faces threats such as natural erosion and excessive tourism. Digital preservation methods, including 3D reconstruction, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR), are being used to document and protect the site while enhancing visitor experiences and providing educational resources. These initiatives contribute to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by ensuring the conservation of this historical landmark for future generations.
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were built from as early as the 7th century BC, with selective stretches later joined together by Qin Shi Huang (220–206 BC). Apart from defense, other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses. Collectively, they stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, from the present-day Sino–Russian border in the north to Tao River (Taohe) in the south; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of the Mongolian steppe. Today, the defensive system of the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.
The Great Wall is a magnificent piece of ancient Chinese engineering that winds its way across thousands of kilometers along China's northern border. It has a long history and was built over centuries to resist foreign aggression and safeguard the tranquility of the motherland. The Great Wall is not only a symbol of China's long history, but also one of the most magnificent buildings in the world, attracting countless tourists to admire its majesty. Its majestic figure witnesses the glory of ancient Chinese civilization, and also carries national pride and cultural identity. The existence of the Great Wall is not only a reminder of history, but also a celebration of perseverance. It inspires people's desire to pursue peace and security, and has become a shining pearl in the world's cultural heritage. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - By protecting and maintaining the Great Wall, tourism can be promoted, jobs created, and economic growth in local communities. This helps achieve SDG 11’s goal of creating inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and communities.
This is a photo taken by yx66 about the view of Maritime Greenwich
Doe watching for danger. Grey Goral (Naemorhedus goral). Tsarap valley, Zanskar, India
A guided tour of the Caen Township reconstruction created by the Open Virtual Worlds Group at St Andrews University. The reconstruction was created in partnership with the Timespan Museum and Arts Centre, Helmsdale, Scotland. Timespan: http://timespan.org.uk The Caen reconstruction: http://blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/openvirtualworlds/reconstructions/caen/
Gulangyu Island, located in the southwest of Xiamen, Fujian Province, China, is an island with an area of less than 2 square kilometers. At the end of the 19th century, Gulangyu became an important window for trade between China and foreign countries, gathering consulates, churches, hospitals, schools and other buildings from more than 20 countries, forming a unique urban style combining Chinese and Western aspects. There are more than 1,000 historical buildings preserved on the island, which is a witness of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Gulangyu Island is also known as the "piano Island" and has a deep musical tradition. It was added to the World Cultural Heritage List in 2017. The digital preservation and display of Gulangyu helps mitigate the impact of overtourism on the historic district and raise public awareness of cultural heritage protection. Virtual Tours, 3D modeling and online exhibits provide sustainable, low-impact access for visitors, researchers and students, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Cities and Communities Goal (SDG 11).
Gunung Leuser National Park is a national park covering 7,927 km² in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, straddling the border of North Sumatra provinces, a fourth portion and three-fourths portion, respectively.
Gunung Leuser National Park is a national park covering 7,927 km2 in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, straddling the border of North Sumatra provinces, a fourth portion and three-fourths portion, respectively. The national park, settled in the Barisan mountain range, is named after Mount Leuser (3,119 m), and protects a wide range of ecosystems. An orangutan sanctuary at Bukit Lawang is located within the park. Together with Bukit Barisan Selatan and Kerinci Seblat National Parks, it forms a World Heritage Site, the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra.
The Guoqing Temple is a Buddhist temple on Mount Tiantai, in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Originally built in 598 during the Sui Dynasty, and renovated during the reign of the Qing Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735). It was the initial site for the creation of the Tiantai school of Mahayana Buddhism, founded by Zhiyi (538–597 AD). In 598, according to Master Zhizhe's last wish, the ruler of Sui dynasty (581–618) built Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai. The Tiantai sect is the first Chinese Buddhist sect to evolve from the original Buddhism after it was spread to China. Its founder, Master Zhizhe, lived on Mount Tiantai in Zhejiang for a long time - hence the name Tiantai sect. In the Tang dynasty (618–907), a large number of Japanese diplomats came to China. In the second year of the Zhenyuan Period, namely AD 804, the eminent Japanese monk Saichō came with the diplomats. He learned the Tiantai doctrine in Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai introduced by Lu Chun, prefectural governor of Ningbo, Zhejiang. One year later, Saicho returned to Japan. Since then, the Guoqing Temple became the cradle of the Tiantai sect in Japan. This mountain temple is the site where indigenous Chinese Buddhism branched away from Buddhist teachings and doctrine commonly found in India. From there, the Tiantai sect of Buddhism spread to both Korea and Japan during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). The tall brick Guoqing Pagoda built at the temple in the year 597 AD is still standing, making it one of the oldest surviving brick pagodas in China
Image of Gwacheon National Science Museum, South Korea
The Gwacheon National Science Museum in South Korea is a heritage institution committed to scientific education, exploration, and discovery. Opened in 2008, it stands as a testament to the country`s dedication to scientific exploration and sustainable development. The museum's undertaking is to encourage curiosity, foster scientific literacy, and promote innovation amongst site visitors of all ages. The Museum boasts numerous famous and interactive displays showcasing numerous scientific disciplines, along with physics, biology, astronomy, and technology. Digital interpretation at the Gwacheon National Science Museum can significantly contribute to achieving SDG 4: Quality Education. This SDG focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable access to quality education at all levels. By providing digital exhibits, virtual tours, and online resources, the museum can extend its educational reach beyond physical limitations or geographical barriers. This allows people from all over the world, including those in remote areas or with mobility challenges, to learn about science and technology in an engaging and interactive way. Furthermore, digital interpretation can be translated into multiple languages, promoting inclusivity and knowledge sharing on a global scale.
Gyeongbokgung, also known as Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, was the main royal palace of the Joseon dynasty. Built in 1395, it is located in northern Seoul, South Korea. The largest of the Five Grand Palaces built by the Joseon dynasty, Gyeongbokgung served as the home of Kings of the Joseon dynasty, the Kings' households, as well as the government of Joseon. Gyeongbokgung continued to serve as the main palace of the Joseon dynasty until the premises were destroyed by fire during the Imjin War (1592–1598) and abandoned for two centuries. However, in the 19th century, all of the palace's 7,700 rooms were restored under the leadership of Prince Regent Heungseon during the reign of King Gojong. Some 500 buildings were restored on a site of over 40 hectares. In the early 20th century, much of the palace was systematically destroyed by Imperial Japan. On January 21, 1963, it was designated as a cultural property. Since the 1990s, the walled palace complex is gradually being restored to its original form. It also houses the National Palace Museum and the National Folk Museum within the premises of the complex.