Culture,Immovable Culture Heritage,Intangible Heritage,Tourism
Calypso music is a genre in which communicates and revolves around social commentary. Calypso was developed by West African slaves who were brought to the Caribbean in the eighteenth century. Original tradition would have a local bard telling stories through song, and offering social commentary through praise, satire or lament (BBC, 2017). Trinidad playing host to carnivals - and therefore calypso competitions - made the genre globally synonymous with the country. Subsequently, through commercial recordings beginning in the 1920s and 30s, calypso music became a social looking glass into matters of Trinidadian public interest (Guibault, 2005). Calypso is recognisable by its use of 4/4 syncopated time signatures, call and response, and prominent Latin percussion – but the most distinctive element is the topical, witty, and satirical lyrics performed by the calypsonians. The attached song is “Split Me In Two” by The Mighty Dougla. This example of a calypso was written in the 1950s and provides a comical perspective on how Trinidad is an extremely multicultural society and if, as the government proposed, some second generation citizens were to be deported back to their ancestral countries, many people would struggle to know which country to choose.
Calypso music is a genre in which communicates and revolves around social commentary. Calypso was developed by West African slaves who were brought to the Caribbean in the eighteenth century. Original tradition would have a local bard telling stories through song, and offering social commentary through praise, satire or lament (BBC, 2017). Trinidad playing host to carnivals - and therefore calypso competitions - made the genre globally synonymous with the country. Subsequently, through commercial recordings beginning in the 1920s and 30s, calypso music became a social looking glass into matters of Trinidadian public interest (Guibault, 2005). Calypso is recognisable by its use of 4/4 syncopated time signatures, call and response, and prominent Latin percussion – but the most distinctive element is the topical, witty, and satirical lyrics performed by the calypsonians. The attached song is “Split Me In Two” by The Mighty Dougla. This example of a calypso was written in the 1950s and provides a comical perspective on how Trinidad is an extremely multicultural society and if, as the government proposed, some second generation citizens were to be deported back to their ancestral countries, many people would struggle to know which country to choose. BBC. 2017. The Surprising Politics of Calypso. Accessed 2022. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20171010-the-surprising-politics-of-calypso. Guibault, Jocelyne. 2005. "Audible Entanglements: Nation and Diasporas in Trinidad's Calypso Music Scene." Duke University Press 9 (1).
Culture,Immovable Culture Heritage,Intangible Heritage
Camp Nelson, located in southern Jessamine County, Kentucky, United States, was the United States' third-largest recruitment centre for African American troops and a refuge for Black women and children searching for their freedom during the Civil War, which lasted 4 years—12th April 1861 to 9th April 1865. Through their Impact-focused work with Camp Nelson staff and members of the local community, including descendants of Black refugees and troops, the researchers will co-create innovative, community-engaged museum exhibits that share the hopes Black refugees placed in Camp Nelson and the challenges they met there, reflecting on the processes involved in commemoration and the creation of historical narratives. - Dr Kristen Treen’s Leverhulme-funded project will focus on the experiences of Black refugees who fled slavery during the Civil War, and sought refuge at federal camps in Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C., among other states. Over three years it will explore the relevance of the term ‘refugee’ to the experiences of formerly enslaved people across the war-torn states, and the futures they sought to build for themselves. Asking how refugees’ mobility, refuge-taking, and acts of settlement shaped alternative commemorative approaches to the war, researchers on the project will uncover how these have been remembered, forgotten, or erased from public memory. Concentrating on specific refugee camps, including Camp Nelson (Kentucky) and ‘Contraband Camp’ (Washington, D.C.), it will enhance academic and public understanding of the country’s system of enslavement and Black networks of resistance and aid through extensive archival research, which will be shared through academic and public-facing publications, and innovative uses of exhibitions and digital mapping. https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/double-funding-success-will-tell-the-forgotten-story-of-americas-black-refugee-camps/
Situated in Kent, England, Canterbury Cathedral has served as the spiritual epicentre of the Church of England for nearly half a millennium. This architectural masterpiece showcases a harmonious blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles and is renowned for its exquisite stained-glass windows. Canterbury Cathedral holds immense historical significance, as it was the site of Archbishop Thomas Becket's assassination in 1170. Consequently, Becket's shrine transformed into a pilgrimage destination and symbolized the influence of the medieval church. The cultural value of this heritage site is paramount due to its impact on English literature, religion, and politics. To fully comprehend the history of Christianity in England, it is vital to explore and understand the role of Canterbury Cathedral. The site employs various preservation technologies. Additionally, the cathedral has leveraged digital technology to restore and conserve its treasured art.
Cantonese opera is a traditional opera widely popular in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and other regions of China. It is famous for its graceful singing, gorgeous costumes and exquisite performance art. It has been listed as a masterpiece of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO. Related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Cantonese Opera was recognized in 2009 by UNESCO on the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. As a historic art, it holds major cultural value for the Cantonese communities and regions as a performing art. Additionally, as an art, it allows for better cultural communication between China and other nations abroad, aiding in cooperation. Currently there are some ways which digital mediums are currently used to better preserve Cantonese Opera. Firstly, there is the utilization of digital libraries and databases to keep historical art records of Cantonese opera, for example the digital repository of the University of Hong Kong. Another means that digitalization has assisted in the preservation of this performing art has been via social media platforms. Social media such as YouTube or Bilibili have allowed performances to become more accessible, showing not just performances but also additional commentary or supplementary information for the art. This method aligns well with goal 8 of the UN Agenda 2030, by helping exposure for the art, allows for the industry to survive and thus incentivises a potential job which further helps to sustain the economy and living.
Example of Brutalist Architecture in Hong Kong: Capitol Centre
Cappadocia is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is largely in the provinces of Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. According to Herodotus, at the time of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC), the Cappadocians were reported as occupying a region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine (Black Sea). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of the Taurus Mountains that separate it from Cilicia to the east by the upper Euphrates, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and eastern Galatia.
A group of capybaras, the world’s largest rodents. As highly social and semi-aquatic animals, capybaras are a common sight in this vast wetland, where they contribute to the health of the ecosystem through their grazing and interactions with predators.
Carcassonne, located in southern France, is a remarkable medieval fortified city renowned for its impressive double walls and well-preserved ramparts. With its narrow, winding streets, towering medieval structures, and historical ambiance, Carcassonne offers a captivating glimpse into Europe’s feudal past. Digital preservation and virtual reconstruction of Carcassonne can support SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by creating interactive experiences that educate visitors about medieval urban planning and architectural heritage. Additionally, digital archiving plays a critical role in monitoring and preserving the delicate historical fabric of the city.
Ellora caves are carved out structures, extending more than 2 km, the highlight being the Kailasa temple between 7th to 10th centuries and the Buddhist halls of learning. The Ellora caves are a group of 34 caves and include construction for Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. We can find temples, Buddhist halls and dinner rooms for the Jain community at the site. The reason it is considered a cultural site is not just because of several monuments here but also the engineering and work put into their construction. The Kailasa temple which has lasted several centuries was chiseled from a mountain top to bottom, this along with the depiction of Mahabharata and Ramayana could be found on the walls, the depiction was made as stone carvings rather than words. The caves also show several stories from the mythologies of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain beliefs.
Located in Barcelona, Casa Batlló showcases Gaudí’s unique curves and modernist style. The building incorporates augmented reality (AR) technology for guided tours, enhancing interactivity and engagement with the architecture through provided devices within the building. Sustainable development target: • SDG 4 (Quality Education), target 4.7 (equip learners with knowledge and appreciation of cultural diversity and culture’s contribution to SDGs) Empowering learners with knowledge and appreciation of cultural diversity. Using digitised cultural materials at Casa Batlló ensures students gain insights into the broader cultural context, fostering a global perspective.
Casa Batlló is a building in the center of Barcelona, Spain. It was designed by Antoni Gaudí, and is considered one of his masterpieces. A remodel of a previously built house, it was redesigned in 1904 by Gaudí and has been refurbished several times after that. (Wikipedia, 2024)
Casa Batlló is a building in the center of Barcelona, Spain. It was designed by Antoni Gaudí, and is considered one of his masterpieces. A remodel of a previously built house, it was redesigned in 1904 by Gaudí and has been refurbished several times after that. (Wikipedia)
Culture,Immovable Culture Heritage,Tourism
By ChristianSchd - This file was derived from: Casa Batllo Overview Barcelona Spain.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41698940
Casa Batllo Overview Barcelona Spain (23/24)
Casa Batlló is a house designed by Antoni Gaudí, situated at 43 Paseo de Gracia in Barcelona, Spain. It is one of seven of Gaudí’s buildings to be on a UNESCO World Heritage site. Casa Batlló was originally built in 1877 by Emilio Sala Cortés, and purchased in 1907 by Josep Batlló y Casanovas. Batlló offered architect Antoni Gaudí complete creative freedom to re-design the house. The house comprises of seven floors, including a basement and noble floor, a loft, roof terrace, atrium and garden. The house features Gaudí’s distinct style blending traditional Catalan motifs and inspirations from the Arts and Crafts movement, Symbolism, and Art Nouveau. The colourful facade has balconies and a tilled roof, made using stone, glass and ceramics. Gaudí worked with artisan to build and furnish the interior of the house, with works in wrought iron, wood, stained glass, ceramic and stone. Digital interpretations from Casa Batlló include augmented reality, digital artworks and display, and an online 360 tour. These interpretations contributes to SDG11: Sustainable Cities, target 11.4, for its efforts to “protect and safeguard the world’s cultural (...) heritage.”
Casa Vicens is a modernist building situated in the Gràcia neighbourhood of Barcelona. It is the work of architect Antoni Gaudí and is considered to be his first major project. (Wikipedia, 2024)
Situated in the Gràcia district of Barcelona, Casa Vicens - Gaudí, 1883, the first significant architectural project by Gaudí represents the modernist style. Using digital technology, Casa Vicens offers virtual tours, allowing visitors to scan a QR code at the entrance for 3 guided floor tours and historical insights into each space. Sustainable development target: • SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions), target 16.10 (public access to art archives through digitised collections) By digitising architectural archives, this approach contributes to SDG 16.10 by promoting public access to art archives through digitised collections. This approach not only preserves the architectural heritage of Casa Vicens but also makes it accessible to a broader audience, fostering transparency and public engagement.
Castel del Monte is a castle located on a hilltop in Andria, within the Apulia region of south-eastern Italy. The castle was constructed in the 1240s by King Frederick II who was King of Sicily, King of Germany, King of Italy, King of Jerusalem, and Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II lived from 1194 to 1250. Castel del Monte is widely considered to be one of the architectural triumphs of King Frederick II’s 40 year reign, and is noted for its outstanding integration of Northern European and Islamic architecture along with its unique octagonal shape for the time period. For these reasons, the castle was made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. Today, the castle still remains in good condition, a condition similar to that as it would have had when it was first built. The castle has a diameter of 56 metres and its main outer wall is 25 metres high.
A photograph of the front view of the Castel del Monte.
Castel del Monte, translated from Italian, means "castle on a hill". Built in the 13th century by King Frederick II and said to be inspired by Greco-Roman architecture, it is located in the Apulia region of Italy and is protected as a World Heritage Site. It was also printed on the Italian version of the euro penny. Throughout history, the castle has served not only as a hunting house for kings, a refuge in times of plague, and even as a prison for generals. Modern scholars disagree on whether to classify it as a cottage or a castle, though it has since been confirmed that it was a castle, as it originally had a curtain wall. Because of the mathematical rules and beauty of its construction, it was once considered very mysterious by historians, and was the inspiration for Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose.
The Castillo de Ponferrada, also known as the Castillo de los Templarios, or Templar Castle, in Ponferrada, Spain is an impressive castle that dates back to 1178. Likely built on the ruins of a previous Celtic castle, this fortification housed the Knights Templar by order of King Fernando II of León. Ponferrada became an important point of transit when in the 11th Century a reinforced iron bridge was built (which became the namesake of the town, from the Latin Pons Ferrata, Iron Bridge). The Knights were granted a jurisdiction in Ponferrada to provide security to pilgrims travelling to and from Santiago de Compostela, especially from Muslim invasion; and to serve the interests of Fernando II and his successor Alfonso IX. Excerpt from P1.
Castle Law Hill, once the site of an Iron Age hillfort.
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
"Caernarfon Castle - Black Tower - view of the North-East Tower, Watch Tower and Queen's Gate and the Cistern Tower" by ell brown is marked with CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
It could be argued that the pinnacle of architectural design from medieval times can be found at the heart of the city of Paris. Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, more commonly known simply as Notre-Dame, is a Catholic Cathedral that began construction around the year 1163 and took 182 years to complete. Even after 1345, changes and modifications were made to it to keep it preserved. It’s design was a pioneer for many different architectural techniques such as the flying buttress technique and the rib vault architecture. It is well known around the world due to its magnificent architecture and design and in 1991, was commissioned as a world heritage site by UNESCO due to its significance in the heritage sector.
Originally called Bat Cave, Cathedral Caverns was opened to the public by Jacob Gurley in the 1950's. The cave was renamed because of its cathedral-like appearance. Purchased by the state in 1987, it was opened as a State Park in the summer of 2000. The first feature most people notice about Cathedral Caverns is its massive entrance. The huge opening measures 126 feet wide and 25 feet high, a possible world record for commercial caves. The grand entrance is only the beginning. Inside the cavern are some of the most beautiful formations Mother Nature has ever created including “Goliath”- one of the largest stalagmites in the world measuring 45 feet tall and 243 feet in circumference. Cathedral Caverns features many amazing sites: a "caveman" perched atop a flowstone wall, a "frozen" waterfall, a large stalagmite forest and a most improbable stone formation - a stalagmite that is 27 feet tall and 3 inches wide! -alapark.com
Cathedral Caverns is a natural heritage site that has one of the largest entrances of any commercial cave in the world and one of the largest stalagmites worldwide, named "Goliath". It has many significant geological formations, and was declared a National Natural Landmark in 1972, and became a state park in 2000. The site offers guided tours, hiking trails and a campground.
Drone image from above St Andrews Cathedral.
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi and Palace of Tau, Reims
The Cathedral of Notre-Dame, the former Abbey of Saint-Rémi, and the Palace of Tau in Reims, France, collectively represent an outstanding example of Gothic architecture and art. The Cathedral of Notre-Dame is known for its stunning stained glass windows and sculpture, while the former Abbey of Saint-Rémi is a testament to Romanesque architecture. The Palace of Tau, which served as the residence of the archbishops of Reims, is a remarkable example of medieval secular architecture. These buildings played a significant role in the religious and political history of France, including the coronation of most of the kings of France. However, climate change poses a potential threat to these historic structures. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and heavy rain, can cause significant damage to the buildings' delicate structures and materials. Rising sea levels and flooding also pose a threat to the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, which is located near the Seine River. The potential impacts of climate change underscore the need for careful management and conservation of these important cultural heritage sites.
The Cave of Altamira, located in the Spanish region of Cantabria, contains some of the oldest wall art known to man, with some of the paintings dating as far back as the Upper Palaeolithic period over 36,000 years ago. Around 13,000 years ago a rock fall sealed the cave’s entrance, preserving its contents until a nearby tree fell and disturbed the fallen rocks. Discovered in 1868, the cave was investigated further by a local nobleman that, alongside the art, unearthed a number of animal bones and stone tools. Due to its isolation from external climactic influences, the cave’s wall art is particularly well preserved in comparison to other prehistoric art that has been discovered.
The cave of Altamira is a cave complex situated within Northern Spain and contains paleolithic cave art. It is one of the seven caves within Northern Spain which have been collectively classified as a world heritage site, ‘Cave of Altamira and Palaeolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain’. The Altamira cave was re-discovered in 1868, being the first site with paleolithic cave art within Europe to be discovered in the modern era (Dowson, 2022). The oldest painting to be identified within Altamira dates back to 36,000 years ago. When the cave paintings were first discovered in 1880, they were dismissed by prehistorians and classified as forgeries, they were not officially recognized as prehistoric cave art until near the end of the 19th century (Altamira | cave, Spain, 2022). Alongside the paleolithic cave art discovered, when the cave floor was excavated, prehistoric animal bones and stone tools were discovered, furthering the paleolithic insights that the cave provides.
Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
Immovable Culture Heritage,Movable Cultural Heritage
Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst
The Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst are outstanding for the large number of complex, diverse and relatively intact caves concentrated into a relatively small area. Located at the north-eastern border of Hungary and the south-eastern border of Slovakia, this exceptional group of 712 caves, recorded at time of inscription, lies under a protected area of 56,651 ha and a larger buffer zone. Today more than 1000 caves are known. Karst processes have produced a rich diversity of structures and habitats that are important from a biological, geological and paleontological point of view. While the karst continues to develop in mountains of medium height and under temperate climate conditions, sediments and fossil landforms provide ample evidence of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary subtropical and tropical climatic conditions as well as periglacial denudational activity during the Quaternary. Shaped over tens of millions of years, the area provides an excellent demonstration of karst formation during both tropical and glacial climates, which is very unusual and probably better documented here than anywhere else in the world.
Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (Hungary, Slovakia)
Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst The variety of formations and the fact that they are concentrated in a restricted area means that the 712 caves currently identified make up a typical temperate-zone karstic system. Because they display an extremely rare combination of tropical and glacial climatic effects, they make it possible to study geological history over tens of millions of years.
This piece of immovable heritage dates back to the 2nd century. This cave system is located on the Fife Coastal path between Anstruther and Crail. The main structure of the Caiplie Caves is a result of sea erosion, whereas specific larger caves have also been shaped by the carvings of humans who found shelter in them over different time periods (Caiplie, “the Coves” | Canmore, n.d.). Preserving the Caves of Caiplie through digital methods would address the following Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015): - SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, specifically Target 11.4: "Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage." - SDG 4.7: Education and Awareness - SDG 15.1: Environmental Conservation - SDG 8.9: Inclusive and Sustainable Tourism